نشریه مطالعات کاربردی تندرستی در فیزیولوژی ورزش
سال هفتم شماره 2 (پاییز و زمستان 1399)

The aim was to investigate the effect of eight weeks of Pilates training and Celery seeds supplementation on serum CRP and ESR level in middle-aged women with rheumatoid arthritis.

40 women with rheumatoid arthritis referred to Shariati Hospital in Tehran (age: 53.10±5.35 years, weight: 62.37±5.93 kg) were randomly divided into Control (n=10), Training and Placebo (n=10), Supplement (n =10) and Supplement + Training (n =10) groups. The training subjects experienced eight weeks of Pilates exercises, three sessions/week at 65% of MHR up to 60 min. the supplementation groups consumed 1.3 g Celery seeds powder three times daily for eight weeks.

in spite of serum CRP down regulation in Supplement + Training group (p < 0/05), no significant change were recorded for ESR in this group (p≥0/05).

synchronized Pilates training in accompany with Celery seeds supplementation could be beneficial in controlling inflammatory status of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. However, more investigations remain to be done because of the lack of similar evidence and also limitations in this study.

Sleep deprivation can lead to increased errors, accidents, delays in performance, and doubts about missions and hormonal dysfunction. In some jobs, there are forced sleep deprivation. For example, militaries are deprived of sleep at various times. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of two hours sleep deprivation at night on physical performance, blood levels of melatonin, cortisol, and testosterone in the military.

40 military personnel were randomly divided into 4 groups (Group 1: Deprivation of sleep from 12am to 2am; Group 2: Deprivation from 2am to 4am, Group 3: Deprivation from 4am to 6am and Group 4: control group). The protocol consisted of two parts: baseline measurement (before sleep deprivation) which was a pre-test, and post-sleep deprivation measurement. The first part of the study was recorded a week ago of sleep deprivation.

There were significant differences in pre and post-test sleep deprivation 4am to 6am, upper body and lower body strength, explosive power, plasma levels of melatonin, cortisol, testosterone and testosterone to cortisol ratio. Also in sleep deprivation 2am to 4am; significantly changed minimum power, cortisol, testosterone and testosterone to cortisol ratio (p≤0.05).

Maximum physical and hormonal dysfunctions were observed in sleep deprivation 2am to 4am and 4am to 6am.  And doing sensitive work for people and military that have been deprived of sleep during these period times it would not be appropriate.

The aim was to investigate the effect of eight weeks of high intensity interval training (HIIT) and moderate intensity continuous training (MICT) mixed with interval calorie restriction (ICR) on fat mass (FM) and lean body mass(LBM) in overweight women.

36 overweight and or obese women (age: 35-55 years) were randomized into for groups of intermittent calorie restriction (-20%), combination of HIIT + ICR (-10%), combination of continuous training + ICR (-10%) and Control. Both training protocols (HIIT at 75 to 85% of maximum heart rate and MICT at 65 to 75% of MHR) were conducted three sessions per week. Exercise was continued each session up to accomplishment of a certain energy expenditure (EE) value (10% of daily energy intake(EI)).

Just FM was down-regulated in all three intervention groups (p < 0.05) and there were no remarkable changes for LBM (P>0.05). Moreover, no between group differences were noted for the amount of FM depression observed throughout the intervention period (P>0.05).

Interval calorie restriction via consuming a -20% diet or a mixture of -10% diet + elevation of EE either by HIIH or MICT (up to 10% of EI), have equal efficacy to lower body fat mas with no hazardous effect on LBM.

One of the stimulants of the immune system is stress and physical activity can cause changes in this system as a stimulate factor. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to compare the response of an exhausting activity session to the concentrations of immunoglobulin-A (s-IgA) and total protein in the female players of the basketball team and inactive female. Two groups of 20-30 years old female were selected. The first group consists of 15 women of basketball players which have been active for about 4 years in the basketball team and the second group consisted of 15 people of inactive women of this city which had not regular exercises. In equal conditions, examinees performed Broth exhaustive exercise protocol and saliva samples were collected before and immediately after Broth test. Within-group data and between-group data were analyzed with the paired t-test and ANCOVA test, respectively. The results showed that in within-group comparison one session of exhausting activity significantly increased the concentration of s-IgA and total protein in both basketball players (p=0.001) and inactive women (p=0.002), There was also a significant increase in s-IgA and salivary total protein between two groups (p=0.002) (p=0.003). However, the ratio of immunoglobulin A to total salivary protein did not change significantly in these two groups. (p> 0.05).The results of the study indicate that the performance of one session exhaustive activity at the present conditions does not lead into disorder in the mucous immunity system of basketball players and inactive women.

In spite of well-known health promoting benefits of exercise, due to increased ventilation during exercise and higher concentrations of pollutants while the air quality is unhealthy there is increasing concern about exercising in polluted air. Therefore, the present study aimed to compare the effect of air pollutants on salivary malondialdehyde (MDA) and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) response to a bout of exercise in indoor and outdoor environment in male adolescent futsal players.

Twelve male adolescent futsal players completed the Bangsbo protocol in two environments (indoor vs. outdoor) at two air quality conditions (Air Quality Index 50-100 = Healthy, and 100 to 150 = Unhealthy). Salivary samples were collected before and immediately after performing the protocol in each condition. MDA and TAC were assessed using specified kits (Zelbio-Germany). Data were analyzed using analysis of covariance test (p < 0.05).

Finding confirmed that in comparison with healthy air condition, the basic and post exercise levels of salivary MDA were higher in unhealthy air condition - both at indoor and outdoor (p < 0.05). Moreover, in healthy air condition in response to exercise protocol changes of salivary TAC in –both indoor and outdoor- was incremental (P>0.05) but in unhealthy air condition -both indoor and outdoor- its changes was decremented (p < 0.05).

Findings of present study confirms that unhealthy air condition has negative effect on salivary MDA and TAC response to exercise. Moreover, it seems that relocating the exercise to an indoor environment in unhealthy air condition does not reduce the negative effects of unhealthy air on the salivary MDA and TAC response, and there seems to be need for evidence-base recommendation to reduce the negative effect of unhealthy air on oxidant-antioxidant system response to exercising in unhealthy air condition.

Cardiac aging is a major consequence of obesity that results in pathologic cardiac hypertrophy. However, resistance training and curcumin polyphenols can modulate some of involved intracellular signaling pathways. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of resistance training and curcumin supplementation on expression of regulatory genes involved in cardiac structural remodeling.

in this experimental study, 18 male Sprague Dawley rats were divided into Normal Weight Control (n=6), Obese Reference (n = 6), Training + Curcumin (n = 6) groups following to eight weeks of high fat diet consumption. Resistance training were conducted also for eight weeks, three sessions per week against 20 to 50% of body weight. Curcumin (150 mg per kg body weight, daily) was consumed simultaneously through gavage. The expression levels of AMPK, mTOR, S6K, 4EBP, COL1, COL3 and AngII genes were assessed using Real Time-PCR technique and thy data was analyzed by One-way ANOVA.

Obesity was lead to AMPK gene expression level downregulation, while expression levels of mTOR, S6K, 4EBP, COL1, COL3, AngII genes were up-regulated (p < 0.05). However; there were also significant differences in expression levels of these genes between Training + Curcumin and Obese Reference groups (p < 0.05).

It seems obesity causes acceleration of the processes involved in cardiac pathologic hypertrophy, while resistance training with curcumin supplementation could decrease this hazards to some extent.

High Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) has higher intensity compared to traditional moderate intensity continuous training (MICT) protocols which seems to have different cardiorespiratory responses. Therefore, the aim of this study was to compare the effects of HIIT with MICT on cardiac electrocardiographic activity in sedentary male subjects.

16 sedentary male volunteers were randomized into HIIT (4-minute running bouts at 75-80% of the reserve heart rate with 3-minute active rest intervals) and MICT (30 minutes of running with at 45-60% of reserve heart rate) groups, ECG was recorded before and following to eight weeks of training in the same conditions. Independent t test and paired samples t test were used to analyze the data.

Both HIIT and MICT significantly increased P-R interval, T-wave duration, QRS complex duration, QT interval and R_R interval (p≤0.05). However, mean ST and QTc fragments had no changes in both training groups. However; the P wave duration was significantly elevated just in MICT group.

It seems that both HIIT and MICT lead to similar adaptations in cardiac ECG activity.

The aim of this study was to compare the premenstrual syndrome symptoms in physically active and sedentary female students, resident in cold and tropical zones.

In this semi-experimental study, 320 female students of Jahrom University from both cold and tropical geographical zones (160 subject from each zone) including on physically active and sedentary subgroups (n=80 within each subgroup) filled the “impdd” premenstrual syndrome questionnaire.

a lower physical (P = 0.002) as well as psycho-behavioral (p = 0.001) symptoms were detected in physically active subjects from both zones. In physically active subjects from cold zones, just psycho-behavioral symptoms (p = 0.001) were lower than their sedentary counterparts. However, in the active residents of tropical zones, both physical (p = 0.002) and psycho-behavioral symptoms (p = 0.03) were lower than sedentary subjects from the same homeland.

Physical activity generally reduces premenstrual syndrome symptoms, with a higher impact on psycho-behavioral symptoms in cold zone residents, meanwhile; both physical and psycho-behavioral symptoms could be affected in subjcts living in tropical zones.

 Serum levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D play an essential role in regulating the function of athletes' skeletal muscles. However, the aim of the present study was to investigate the relationship between vitamin D levels, fat percentage and athletic performance of trained male athletes.

30 athletes of different endurance, strength and power sports with average age of 23.03 ± 3.45 years, height 172.96 ± 4.14 meters, weight 67.33 ± 5.65 kg and body mass index (BMI) 22.81 ± 2.28 kg / m2, after measuring anthropometric indices, 5 cc of venous blood fasting samples were taken to measure vitamin D3 levels. Then, to measure the aerobic power of athletes, shuttle thigh test, lower and upper muscle strength were used, chest press and leg press tests, hand grip test, hand strength test and vertical jump test were used. Pearson correlation coefficient test was used to evaluate the relationship between vitamin D3 levels with aerobic power, strength and muscle power.

 There was a direct and significant relationship between vitamin D3 levels with aerobic power, lower and upper limb muscle strength, hand grip strength and muscle strength of athletes and inverse relationship between vitamin D3 levels with fat percentage in athletes.

 Based on the results, it can be said that high levels of vitamin D in trained athletes have a significant relationship with their physical function, so that high levels can improve performance in trained athletes.

The aim of the present study was to compare the effect of training in water and land on endothelial function, inflammation and oxidative stress in overweight elderly men.  

30 overweight men aged 50 to 55 years with a body mass index between 25 and 30 were purposefully selected and randomly divided into three groups of exercise in sea water, exercise on the beach and control (10 people in each group).  The training program were performed for 8 weeks. Training (both on the beach and in the sea) included 25 minutes of running for the weeks of first to eighth with 60%, 65%, 70%, 70%, 75%, 75%, 80% and 85%, respectively. Maximum heart rate was performed. Polar heart rate monitor was used to control heart rate. 24 hours before and 48 hours after the last session, blood samples were taken from all groups in a 12-hour fasting state. C-reactive protein, Malondialdehyde, Endothelin-1, Nitric Oxide and Flow Mediated Dilations were measured for each sample.  

The results showed that the levels of MDA, CRP and ET-1 in the two training groups significantly decreased compared to the control group and the levels of NO and FMD in the two training groups increased significantly compared to the control group (P <0.05). But there was no significant difference between the two training groups (P> 0.05).  

It is possible that aerobic training in both seawater and land can improve the endothelial function of overweight elderly men, thereby preventing cardiovascular disease in these individuals. Reducing oxidative stress and inflammation are thought to be major reasons for improving endothelial function following aerobic training.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of 8 weeks high intensity interval training (HIIT) and moderate intensity continuous training (MICT) on plasma GDF-15, troponin and hs-CRP in young fat males.

45 obese youth males (BMI≥30) were selected purposefully and divided into three groups of HIIT (15 patients), MICT (15 patients) and control (15 people). Blood samples were taken from all subjects after 10 hours of overnight fasting in two stages: 1. 24 hours before starting the training program, 2. 48 hours after the last exercise session. Data analysis was done by one-way ANOVA test with Tukey post-hoc test and dependent T test. All statistical analysis was done at a significant level of P≤0.05 by SPSS software version 20.

Based on the results, plasma levels of GDF-15, troponin I and CRP in JIIT group showed a significant difference compared to the control group (P <0.05). Plasma levels of GDF-15 and CRP also changed significantly in the MICT group (P <0.05), but troponin I level did not change significantly (P> 0.05). Also, there was no significant difference between the effect HIIT and MICT on plasma GDF-15 and CRP levels (P> 0.05).

HIIT and MICT improved the plasma levels of GDF-15 and CRP in obese young men. However, the Troponin I index only decreased following HIIT. Therefore, the beneficial effects of HIIT are likely to be more pronounced in improving cellular injury markers.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of strength training and c4 supplementation on strength, arterial oxygen saturation and lactate accumulation in strength training men.

For this purpose, 45 men (age: 22 to 35 years) who had at least one year of regular resistance training history were randomly selected and divided into 3 groups of 15 controls, Strength training + placebo and strength training + supplement c4. Subjects performed the same resistance exercises for 6 weeks. Subjects in the supplement group consumed 5 grams of c4 supplement daily in 6 meals for 6 weeks and the placebo group consumed the same amount of starch 30 minutes before exercise. Pre and post intervention arterial oxygen saturation and lactate levels were measured.

strength training in both groups did not lead to significant blood lactate accumulation or oxygen saturation (P>0.05) in spite of significantly increased upper and lower muscle group strength values(p < 0.05). Moreover, no between group difference was recorded for amount of strength development throughout the intervention period (P>0.05).

c4 supplementation nor has benefits on strength performance, neither lowers blood lactate in strength trained athletes.